Enzyme-Based Biosensors

Analytical instruments known as enzyme-based biosensors use biological enzymes as the biorecognition component to identify particular analytes via catalytic reactions. These biosensors work by combining the biochemical activity of the enzyme with a transducer, which is usually thermal, optical, or electrochemical, to transform the biological response into a signal that can be measured. The glucose biosensor is one of the best-known examples; it uses glucose oxidase to produce hydrogen peroxide, which is then electrochemically measured to determine blood glucose levels. High specificity, quick reaction times, and the ability to be customized to detect a variety of targets, such as metabolites, toxins, medications, and pathogens, are all advantages of enzyme-based biosensors. They are extensively used in bioprocess monitoring, food quality control, environmental monitoring, and medical diagnostics.  Their sensitivity, stability, and miniaturization for use in wearable and portable devices have been further improved by recent developments in nanotechnology and enzyme immobilization techniques.